Cause and effect essay on the Dred Scott decision - 1

Cause and effect on the Dred Scott decision - Essay Example This made Scott to consider the decision of appealing against the ruling, in which case, Justice McLean ruled that the fact that denying Scott justice because he was not a US citizen was less of a matter of law but more of taste (Schwarz 102). This decision brought about major changes in the political, social and economic arenas in the United States. Dred Scott’s decision had economic causes and effects in the United States. According to Calomiris and Schweikart (21), the decision that denying the slaves justice was more of taste than legal caused a lot of uncertainty (1987) as to whether the whole of the West would be engulfed by slaves like Kansas, and this gripped the markets. The railroads on East West Bonds immediately collapsed and in turn, many large banks nearly collapsed. Another cause of this economic effect was that the branch banking system in the South, which was superior, came to be comparable to the North’s unit banking (Calomiris and Schweikart 43). Panic transmission was however minor, because of diversification of branch banking systems in the south. However, the movement of information among branch banks was reliable while that of the competitors in the North’s unit banks seldom shared important information. In the broader perspective, the southerners were convinced by the panic that white s are kings, and hence, they had no reason to economically fear the North, unless there was a move to end the slavery. The political effect of Dred Scotts’ decision was caused by the Missouri Compromise repeal which was successfully sought by politicians of the Democratic Party. that lead to the passing of the Act of Kansas-Nebraska (Calomiris and Schweikart 47). The act allowed every 40th parallel new state in the south to solely determine whether to be a free or slave state. The Supreme Court, with Dred Scott, under Taney looked for ways

Principles of marketing Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Principles of marketing - Essay Example P&G has always tried to position their product differently according to the changing need and preferences of the people. In the detergent market, marketers are launching their detergents in small easy to handle containers at low price. In this way marketers wanted to prove that they were charging less for more. P&G reduced their commercialization and increase their perceived value by introducing Tide with bleach, cold water Tide, Tide with bounce, etc. So by this it could be clearly assumed that P&G has an excellent marketing team to plan out such marketing strategies, so that it always remains the market leader. Table of Contents PRINCIPLES OF MARKETING 14 1 4 Mission, Vision and Objectives of Procter & Gamble 5 Mission and Vision 5 Objectives 5 Market Overview 6 Competitors 6 Customer Expectations 7 Consumer Behavior 7 Cultural Factors 7 Social Factors 8 Psychological Factors 8 Personal Factors 8 SWOT Analysis 9 Strength 9 Weakness 9 Opportunity 9 Threat 9 Marketing Mix 10 Product 10 Price 10 Place 10 Promotion 11 Conclusion 11 References 13 Mission, Vision and Objectives of Procter & Gamble Mission and Vision Procter & Gamble is one of the largest packaged product companies in the world. This fact has always motivated the company for their purpose inspired growth. The company's mission is to improve the lives of the customers round the world. The long term visions of Procter & Gamble are: The company wants to use 100 percent renewable and recycled material for the products and packaging. The plants of the company should be powered by 100 percent renewable energy. They want zero manufacturing waste to go to landfills. The company wants to design the products for maximum customer delight and conserving the natural resource (P&G, 2012). Objectives The company wants to win the customers, and help its leading brands to grow and expand into different countries. It wanted to focus mainly on the core business and build is strong global market leaders. The company al so has the objective maintaining growth and sustainability in different parts of the world. Market Overview In this study we would see the different aspects of the marketing principles and strategies with regards to a very popular brand of Procter & Gamble known as Tide. It is one of the most famous detergent brands of Procter & Gamble. It is one of the flagship brands of P & G. The basic policy of the company is to boost the sales and stimulate the customers to buy the products. This popular detergent was first launched in the market in 1946. The logo of Tide that we see today was slightly modified in 1996. P & G enjoys a well-established recognition in the developed countries of the world like United States, and Europe. The CEO of the company Bob McDonald announced in 2010 that they wanted to expand their markets and penetrate more into Chinese and Indian markets. Their aim is to reach the target of 1 billion customer base in these parts of the world. The closest competitor of P & G is Unilever and Henkel. In Figure 1 we can see that Tide is the market leader in the US detergent market among all the other brands and products of other companies. In fact, the P & G has the greatest market share among all the companies producing detergent. P & G has all its detergent brands in the top list of the consumers. Tide captures about 45 percent of the market alone. The other detergent brands capture 13 percent of the ma

Effect of the Cold War on America

Effect of the Cold War on America Introduction The Cold War refers to the continuous geopolitical, economic and ideological struggle that was between the two super powers in the west (USA and its NATO allies) and the powers in the East (Soviet Union). This Cold War began in the year 1947 which was the time that the Second World War was ending and it continued until the year 1991 when the Soviet Union was dissolved. The term ‘cold’ was used because there was no large scale direct fighting between the East and the West and that there were only regional fights between the countries that the two sides supported. During the cold war, the alliance against Nazi Germany was split leaving USA and USSR as the only two sides that greatly differed over ideologies such as capitalism, totalitarianism, communism and liberal democracy. The two countries were not at any time involved in a full-scale armed fighting but they were always each armed heavily for a World War III. It was believed that each side held a strong nuclear deterrent that made the other side afraid to attack because of the fear of total destruction on its part. Apart from the nuclear deterrent on both sides, dominance on both sides was expressed through psychological warfare, technological competitions and propaganda and espionage. One of the events leading to the origin of the Cold was remarks by a British leader Winston Churchill who gave some anti-communism remarks during his speech in the year 1946 (Fleming 34). Ways in which the West and the East Differed The cold war is believed to be the most important political issue in the early post war period and it was as a result of long time disagreements between USA and the Soviet Union. However, during the Second World War, these two countries put their differences aside and they were allied. The end of the World War II triggered the resurface of the antagonisms between the two countries (Fleming 44). America had survived destruction from the war and it hoped to share its idea of liberty, democracy and equality with the rest of the world which was in turmoil after the war. America was much aware of the effects of the Great Depression that were experienced in the years 1929-1940. In an attempt to avoid another depression, it sought to remove all the trade barriers in order to help the nation create outside markets for its industrial and agricultural products. Free trade would also help other western nations to export their products and hence be able to rebuild their nations that were destroy ed in the World War II. Generally the free trade would help boost the economic growth of all the western nations and also help to boost the relationships between the countries. The Soviet Union had a different Agenda that contrasted sharply with that of the Americans. They believed in a centralized, autocratic form of government that was very different with the American’s emphasis on freedom and democracy. During the World War II they had briefly abandoned the Marxist-Leninist ideology but it was still one of the country’s policies. Distraught by the death of 20 million citizens during the struggle, Soviet Union was focused on reconstruction and also protecting itself from another future attack of the same magnitude. Specifically, they feared attack of their nation from the West and hence were very determined to prevent another great attack. The Soviet Union was intent on demanding defensible borders but the in the East. But the Americans had already declared independence and self-government to countries in the east such as Poland and Czechoslovakia(Meernik 68). The Cold War origin was as a result of the differing opinions about the shape of the postwar and this was what led to distrust between the two super powers. Firstly, the conflict started over Poland. Moscow wanted a government that was subject to Soviet impact; Washington on the other hand, wanted a more independent and representative government that was in line with the Western model (Russett 29).Different interpretations of different forms of government were discussed in the Yalta Conference of February 1945 and it provided provisions to ensure that the elections in Poland would be ‘free and unfettered.’ Harry Truman had succeeded Franklin D. Roosevelt and he became the president of America. During his regime, he promised to respond to the international affairs between these two super powers and his decisions to respond to Soviet Union lead to the early Cold war between the two nations. During his first meeting with Soviet Minister of Foreign Affairs Vyacheslav Molotov, he made it clear that he was supporting self-determination and he urge the diplomat to implement the Yalta accords. Molotov took offence of this and he exclaimed that he had never been spoken to like that in his entire life. Truman responded to him that if he follows the agreements then he will never have to be spoken to like that. This is where the relations between the countries got deteriorated (Meernik 82). Control the Soviet Union then became a policy to the Americans during the post war years. George Kennan who was a top official in Moscow established and elaborated on a new approach to control Soviet Union. This is because he felt that Soviet Union would not change their stand and hence they had to be stopped by control the efforts of Russia to expand the territories. The application of this containment policy was first applied in the eastern Mediterranean. The Great Britain was an ally to Greece where communist forces were threatening to rule a monarchy in civil war, and Turkey, the nation in which the Soviet Union had compelled for territorial concessions and also the mandate to build marine bases on the Bosporus. In the year 1947, Britain could not afford the aid and hence the U.S quickly came in to offer their assistance. Truman was able to then allocate $ 400 million to cater for the economic and military assistance to Turkey and Greece (May 39). Truman and the American society, however, had to pay a price for the containment policy. Truman had overstated the threat of the Soviet Union to the U.S and through this; there emerged an inspired wave of anti-communism and pave d the way for the emergence of McCarthyism. Effects of the potential conflict to the culture, economics and politics of the United States Effect on ideology The effect of the cold war not only shaped the foreign policy of the U.S, but it also helped to improve the domestic affairs. In the past, the Americans had been afraid of radical subversion but efforts to root out communism became much stronger after the World War II(Waltz 35). The foreign events made the anti-communist hysteria to be strong. It surprised the Americans when the Soviet Union exploded its own atomic device and this made Americans to fear that they could be attacked by them at any given time. Economic effect As the cold war continued fifteen years later that is from 1945-1960, the U.S experienced great economic growth. The war was the main reason that it got back its prosperity and it in the postwar period it was able to become one of the richest nations in the world. The Gross Domestic Product of the United States improved from $200 thousand million in 1940 to $ 300 million in 1950 and more than $500 thousand million in 1960. This made more Americans to consider themselves as middle class. Major companies also grew larger through merges and they expanded their branches overseas where they could get labor cheaply. Effect on the lifestyle of the Americans The workers in America found their lifestyles changing as the nation progressed industrially. Many of the workers became involved in provision of services rather than production of goods. Farmers on the other hand were in great trouble as the benefits of agriculture lead to consolidations and hence family farms were thrown out of business by the large farming businesses (Betts 37). There was movement of the Americans from inner cities to suburbs where cheaper hosing was found in order to fit the big families that were as a result of a postwar baby boom (May 51). And as the suburbs grew bigger, more businesses were created such as large shopping centers that reduced traffic of shoppers in the cities. New highways were also constructed so as to make the suburbs accessible.There was also the widespread marketing of the television which had been developed previously but not marketed until after the war. In conclusion, the Cold War was an important historical event. Specifically, it was very important to the Americans as it enabled them to progress economically, culturally and politically. We can therefore say that the United States became even more powerful after the Cold War and up to now it is regarded as the most powerful nation in the whole world. Works Cited Betts, Richard K. Wealth, power, and instability: East Asia and the United States after the Cold War. International Security (1993): 34-77. Print. Fleming, Denna Frank. The Cold War and Its Origins: 1917-1960. 1950-1960. Vol. 2. Doubleday, 1961. Print. May, Elaine Tyler. Homeward bound: American families in the cold war era. Basic Books, 2008. Print. Meernik, James, Eric L. Krueger, and Steven C. Poe. Testing models of US foreign policy: Foreign aid during and after the Cold War. The journal of Politics 60.01 (1998): 63-85. Print. Russett, Bruce. Grasping the democratic peace: Principles for a post-Cold War world. Princeton University Press, 1994. Print. Waltz, Kenneth N. Structural realism after the Cold War. International security 25.1 (2000): 5- 41. Print.

Chivalry in Arthurian Legend Essay -- Medieval Times Knighthood Essays

Chivalry in Arthurian Legend Merriam-Webster's on-line dictionary defines chivalry as "the system, spirit, or customs of medieval knighthood." As Leon Gautier, author of Chivalry, defines this "system" and "spirit" of knighthood by identifying rules of chivalry, two of which are well illustrated in Lanval, "TheWife of Bath's Tale," and "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnel:" "Thou shalt never lie, and shall remain faithful to thy pledged word," and "Thou shalt be generous, and give largess to everyone"(qtd. in Chivalry). All three stories seem to suggest the predominant theme of a knight living up to his word. This is shown by the fact that, in each story, the knight's oath is taken very seriously, is treated as a contract, and is trusted implicitly. The generosity of the knight is also portrayed in these works. It is not difficult to see, given the moral overtone of these rules, that the Church had a great deal to do with defining the values of knighthood. "The Wife of Bath's Tale" and "The Wedding of Sir Gawain and Dame Ragnell" both follow the story of a knight who makes a "rash promise" on which his life depends. Even under the most difficult of circumstances, these promises are kept. In the story of Dame Ragnell and Sir Gawain, King Arthur is described by the author as a knight who "bare away the honour, Where-so-evere he went"(9). Surely he must be held to any code of honor imposed on a knight! While on a hunting expedition, King Arthur is confronted by a fully armed knight, named Gromer Somer Joure. Arthur is alone, scarcely armed and unable to defend himself against Gromer, who is ready to take Arthur's life. In order to avoid instant death, Arthur is forced to swear to return, alone and "in this same arraye"(87... ...h, defend the king, his land and his people, and be courteous to the ladies. They were honest, distinguished gentlemen. When they gave their word, it was trusted without doubt. They were the epitome of chivalry. Works Cited: "Lanval." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. New York: 2000. (127-140). "Merriam-Webster Online: The Language Center." Online. Internet. 2000. Merriam-Webster Incorporated. Available: http://www.m-w.com/ Price, Brian R. "On Knighthood." Online. Internet. 11/22/2000. Available: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Oracle/7374/knights-2.html "Rules of Chivalry." Online. Internet. 11/11/2000. Available: http://www.geocities.com/Athens/Acropolis/5266/chivalry.htm "The Wife of Bath's Prologue and Tale." The Norton Anthology of English Literature. Seventh Edition. Volume 1. New York: 2000. (253-280).

How does energy drinks at school effect the students Essay

In general, many people on school drink and buy energy drinks, also during school. It is bought so often, because those energy drinks are very cheap and delicious. Those energy drinks are found almost everywhere; at supermarkets, petrol stations, hospitals and more and more. Energy drinks shouldn’t supported so much, because it has very badly side-effects. Researchers have proven that those energy drinks have side-effects. I will sum up the side-effects: -Diabetes, the energy drinks contain much sugar what provokes diabetes, what a very bad decease is. -Hyperactivity, the content of caffeine is very high what leads to very abnormal active childrens at school. -Arteriosclerosis, the drinks also lead to a higher production of calcium in the veins. -Arterial occlusion, because of the drinks people will have a higher cholesterol content. -Fatness, in general, people will higher fat production what leads to fatness. At school must the drinks been banned, and there must be controls to make sure that none of the students drink those drinks. And there must be sanctions when students have those drinks at school or if they drinks them. The parents must be informed about those sanctions, those side-effects. because of this, the parents are capable to talk to their children(s) about these drinks to inform them about the dangers Also the supermarkets have to do something at those things. They can lower their quantity and orders of those drinks, so there will be less bought drinks. Or they can set a limit at the quantity of how much you can buy on 1 day. Advertising can be reduced, like it has been done with tabac. The prices can be raised, so the people are less like to buy many of these drinks. Factories also have to do something at this problem. The quantity of how much they produce can be lowered, this causes a lack of offers what causes higher prices in the stores, and that will reduce the purchase quantity. Change the content of those bad matter and the many side-effects are gone. They also can stop their advertising of this product and stop supporting the drinks. After all, the people have to be careful with those drinks and inform the people about the dangers. There are solutions to solve this problems, but the companies and the consumers have to work along with this, otherwise it won’t help.

Christianity verses islam Essay

The attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade are similar yet different. Over time Christian and Islamic attitudes towards the merchants and trade have changed.  The attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and traders are similar. A way that these two religions attitudes towards their merchants and trade was that they both allowed being treated better under god easier for merchants to achieve if they were honest about what their trade. In the Muslim Qur’an it states â€Å"On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith† (Doc 2). This statement proves that merchants could be treated better under god if they were honest. Also in the Christian Bible, New Testament (Matthew) it states â€Å"It is easier for a camel to go through the eye of a needle, than for a rich man to enter into the kingdom of god† (Doc 1). This means that it is easier for the honest merchants to enter t he kingdom of god than the rich upper-class Christians. All in all, the Christian and Islamic attitudes toward the merchants and trade are similar. As well as the attitudes of Christianity and Islam toward merchants and trade being similar they were different. A way that Christianity and Islam attitudes were different was that some Christians thought that if they gave away their money earned to charity they would be able to become closer to God by serving him, but in Islam they only thought that honesty could get you closer to God. In The Life of St. Godric by Reginald it states â€Å"now he had lived sixteen years as a merchant, and began to think of spending on charity, to God’s honor and service† (Doc 3). Although this statement proves the difference it may be bias because it was written by a colleague of a merchant, this could mean that he was experiencing things different than what they were really supposed to be by law. In the Qur’an it states â€Å"On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith† (Doc 2). The statements from these two wr itings together prove that the attitudes towards merchants and trade were different between Christianity and Islam. Over time both Christianity and Islam attitudes towards merchants and trade  changed. Christianity started off with the Christian merchants not bidding with the traders to bidding with the traders. Thomas Aquinas wrote â€Å"the seller must not impose upon the bidder† (Doc 4). And this change was presented when a letter was written placing an order for English wool saying â€Å"with god always before us, we will carry out your bidding† (Doc 6). Both these statements could be bias due to the writer, the first quote from Aquinas could be bias because he was a theologian which means he studied gods and so he could have wrote more about what the bible states and not what actually happened. Then the letter was written by a merchant which means they could have had different experiences with trade than other merchants. Islam started off with their merchants needing to be honest and ended up with their merchants seeking to make profits and gambling, and gambling for more money is not very truthful. The Qur’an it states â€Å"On the day of judgment, the honest, truthful Muslim merchant will take rank with the martyrs of the faith† (Doc 2). Ibn Khaldun a leading Muslim scholar wrote â€Å"We have already stated that traders must buy and sell and seek profits† and he wrote â€Å"they come under the heading of gambling† (Doc 5). All in all both Christianity and Islamic attitudes toward merchants and trade changed over time. In conclusion Christianity and Islam had attitudes toward merchants and trade that were similar and different, and that both religions attitudes changed over time. A document that was not present that would have been helpful would be a document written by Muslim or Christian merchants because the documents that were written by merchants were written by British and Italian merchants.

Dark Side of the Morning View essays

Dark Side of the Morning View essays A comparison of songs by Pink Floyd and Incubus Twenty-six years separate the releases of two songs by Pink Floyd and Incubus, both entitled Wish You Were Here. A large fan base grew from these songs that later became smash hits and radio airwave staples. Though Pink Floyd emerged out of England in the 1960s, their music soon became popular in the U.S. with the majority of their records being sold in the states. Similarly, Incubus became popular in the U.S. in the early 90s when the band formed in high school. Both versions of Wish You Were Here are examples of American popular music that, though share the same title, are two completely different songs that differ both in the general feeling they induce and their instrumentation. It is only lyrically that these two pieces are similar. It is important to first note that Incubus Wish You Were Here is not a cover of Pink Floyds song, but rather a completely original piece with the same title. Thus, it is easy to see how the lyrics are both different and similar at the same time. The lyrics of these two songs are similar in that both vocalists are sending an obvious message to a friend of theirs. The Incubus version creates detailed imagery that describes the lead singers (Brandon Boyd) fascination with his surroundings, namely his nighttime waterfront. From this fascination emerges Boyds desire to have his significant other (though not explicitly defined) with him to enjoy the scenery, hence the line I wish you were here. This is similar to Pink Floyds version in that the lyricist Roger Waters wishes for his old guitarist Syd Barret to be with him in the recording studio. However, the two lyrics contrast in that Incubus version invokes a celebratory mood while Pink Floyds version is more of a depressed song that stems from a sense of loss. ...

Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry The WritePass Journal

Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry Introduction Impact of Deregulation and Low Cost Carriers on the Airline Industry Introduction ConclusionReferences and Bibliography Related Introduction The report will be assessing and evaluating how deregulation and the growth of low cost carriers have affected global competition and market trends in the types of products offered to customers in air travel. The report will identify the key roles of the low cost carriers and how they are affecting the global competition and the market trends by introducing their means and methods over the bigger airline industry. It will also be witnessed in the report how the airlines have come a long way from the past till now and how the industry is on a constant change due to needs and demands put up by the customers which currently is being handled by the low cost carriers in some ways. While air travel was once a luxury only the rich could afford, the entry of more airlines serving the busiest and most profitable routes has caused airfares to plummet.  Some of the airlines that will be looked at are Buzz, Go, Ryan Air, and Easy Jet. These are well known low cost airlines. This report  will look sequentially at the marketing environments of the airline industry and will analyze the main forces shaping its future.   It will concentrate on the impact of low-cost airlines on this industry. Main The airlines are relatively new as a market driven industry.  Ã‚  In 1938, the airlines faced steep competition that was vigorous and unstable.  Ã‚  The industry asked the government for a regulatory body to control competition.  Ã‚  The newly formed CAB froze the industry structure and blocking out new firms, which ended up creating monopolies.  The industry continued in this state despite growth in traffic, increased profits, and changing conditions. The turning point for the airline industry began in the late 1970’s when the industry needed to break free from its regulated environment.  Ã‚  New technology and ample profits made competition a viable option. The result was the passing of the Airline Deregulation Act in 1978. One of the large effects of deregulation was the increase in the number of carriers and increased competition. In 1978, there were 43 carriers certified for scheduled service with large aircraft.  Ã‚  By 1983, there were over 60 new carriers since the act was passed.  Ã‚  With the slew of new airlines, the airline industry was able to reach new markets and grow tremendously. United with the price drops, air travel became a more favorable way to travel.  Ã‚  Today there are no close substitutes for travel over 150 miles.  Ã‚  However the trend of an invasion of airlines eventually turned into many mergers, acquisitions, and bankruptcies in the late-1980s to early-1990s (see Figure 1) Still seen today, another effect of deregulation is the development of the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† network.  Ã‚  The major airlines developed this network to efficiently manage and serve more markets with the same fleet of planes.  Ã‚  Another advantage of the â€Å"hub-and-spoke† network is that airlines will carry the traveler from departure city to arrival city and not have to hand over customers to competing carriers.  Ã‚  Travelers enjoyed traveling with one airline though an extra stop was required. A marketing innovation that airlines initiated after deregulation was the frequent flyer program.  Ã‚  Repeat customers earned points toward free tickets or upgrades. This program generated loyalty beyond service and satisfaction with travelers. Recently, the frequent flyer program extends beyond receiving points for flying. The most popular is the use of credit cards (points per pounds/dollars) and using points to purchase things other than airline tickets. A technological advance in the industry came with the introduction of computer-reservation systems (CRS).  Ã‚  This allowed airlines to keep track of fare and service changes.  Ã‚  The systems allow agents to process millions of reservations a day.  Ã‚  Today these transactions have significantly increased and with the introduction of the Internet redefined how travelers shop, purchase, and receive tickets. According to  Geneva News  article low-cost carriers found not just tourism to help it establish it self in travel. They found out that what could begin as a tourist route may be quickly adopted by businesspeople. This meaning that the low cost airlines also are used by business. So the companies also get some business even during the off-seasons. These airlines help offer a cheap way to be able to get to the business places, historical area, and Interesting cities. We see in  Belobaba  (2003) report that Easy Jet, Europe’s leading low-cost airline. Now what helped it become such a big name in low cost air travel in  Europe? Going to Easy Jets website, they attempt to explain how they work. It can be seen that they broke it down into three things to make them a low cost airlines; The first thing is it is a  ticket less airline, this cuts cost of paper and printing.  The next thing they do is efficient use of airports; this means Easy Jet can make the most of its time. Easy Jet also made a few deals with airports cutting landing fees. The last thing Easy Jet has done to make its airline so low cost is theres no such thing as a free lunch. This helps as it cut costs of food, and may help the airlines earn money on the food they sell. In  Belobaba  (2003) report we see the  U.S.  situation with airlines. The report starts off talking about the 11/09/01 incident. Were after the attacks on the twin tower, the whole thing had negatively affected the volume of business travel and 12.5% lower than in the preceding year. The report goes on talking about the growth of low cost airlines.  Reduced willingness on the part of business travelers and tourist to pay the higher airfares charged by network carriers. Also some interesting points in the report are. â€Å"In the  US, low-fare airlines have exhibited slow but steady growth since   deregulation, but low-fare carriers as a group accounted for less than 7% of US  domestic air passengers in 1991, compared to 81% by Major network carriers [The remaining 12% was carried by smaller regional and local carriers]. Low-fare carriers grew more rapidly in the  US  through the 1990s, to the point that the  carried 20% of all  US  domestic passengers as a group in 2002.† To look at a more world aspect of tourism we see in Christianto (2003) article that in  2000, there were 7.58 million passengers, but the number increased to 8.27 million in 2001 and to 8.96 million in 2002. Also according to the article the figures are expected to reach 10.34 million in the coming years. It goes on talking about the price war. A war between the more high class big Airlines, and  many of the airlines that offer cheaper tickets. In this war they are trying to set a floor price were airlines may not go under this price. This is due to the high numbers of passengers going to low cost airlines to travel. We are starting to see that with these low cost airlines the bigger airlines are having problems holding on to their customers. Now there are airline companies that are forced to lower their price to compete with these low cost airlines. We see British airways as one of those companies. British airways have recently launched a series of cheap flights. In the future there is a big possibility that all these big airlines will have to lower their prices considerably. As theses low cost airlines seem to be taking all the possible clients away from these big airlines. There is also too say that these big airlines are holding on to their passengers for long distance travels. As these airlines are more comfortable and more advanced the travelers like them more. As if you have to spend a long time in an airplane you would choose the best situation.  There are only a few low cost airlines that are set up. The number of airlines in general isn’t too high. We see in the  U.S.  for low cost airlines you have only two or three. As it’s about the same for  Europe  as we see airlines like Easy Jet, Ryan Air, Go, Buzz and only a few others. As for other areas it was hard to find information on cheap airlines.  Ã‚   Europe  seems to big the biggest point of low cost airlines. In  Christianto (2003) report its shown that travel between  Europe  has been seeing some serious growth. This alone shows that with low cost airline, there comes more tourism. There is also to say that in  Europe  it is convenient for people to move around for business and travel. The first successful low-cost carrier is generally acknowledged to be  Southwest Airlines  in the  United States, which pioneered the concept when founded in  1971  and has been profitable every year since  1973. With the advent of aviation  deregulation  the model spread to  Europe  as well, the most notable successes being Irelands  Ryan air, which began low-fares operations in  1991, and  easy Jet, formed in  1995. As of 2004, low cost carriers are now edging into  Asia, led by operators such as  Malaysias  Air Asia. Many carriers have opted to launch their own no-grills airlines, such as KLM’s Buzz and British Airways Go, but have found it difficult to avoid cannibalizing their core business. The European airline industry is being shaken up by the presence of low-cost airlines.   It is estimated that existing low-cost airlines has expanded their European market share from 5% in 2000 to 25% by 2010, as illustrated in figure 7, establishing themselves on a long-term basis which will have major effects on the European airline industry as a whole The low cost carrier’s airline industry is having a huge impact on the global airline industry.   The table below highlights how the market is migrating to a new business model: customer behavior is changing ââ€" ºÃ‚  Customers expect internet to provide lowest possible price offerââ€" ºÃ‚  Price becomes decisive factor:– Destination is not! –  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  low cost carrier’s develop routes according to costs ââ€" ºÃ‚  low cost Carriers have generated growth of aviation in this segment –   People fly who would not have otherwise flown Market structure is changing ââ€" ºÃ‚  Erosion of traditional â€Å"national† markets:ââ€" ºÃ‚  Segmentation of market into:– low cost on local markets – Regional niche markets – International/alliance markets Greater flexibility and simplicity of traditional model ââ€" ºÃ‚  Established airlines are questioning their models.ââ€" ºÃ‚  Some have moved into the no-frills segment. Flexible adaptation of traditional pricing models ââ€" ºÃ‚  Many full-service carriers offer simple and low prices. Marketing focus on the actual product offered ââ€" ºÃ‚  Some carriers are marketing frills aggressively. The SWOT analysis is used to analyse the internal and external view of the low-cost airline industry with a view to analyse the situation of the no-frills model upon today’s world wide global industry. STRENGTHSSimple fare structureRelative low unit costs Multi-base network offering point-to-point service Strong corporate culture i.e. Easy Jet High commitment to safety and customer services Efficient use of airports with rapid turnaround times Highly profitable with rising demand WEAKNESSESCustomer expectations of service are increasingHigh aircraft utilisation means more vulnerable to delays Prices are low, but they are not as low as they could be. Weak brand loyalty between low-cost airlines and passengers Growth in size means complexity Seasonal variations and cyclical demand Affected by economic downturns OPPORTUNITIESEurope  is a land of opportunity for low-cost airlinesSignificant growth of internet bookings expected 17% annual compound growth rate of Internet user population Increase in Britons buying second homes abroad Outsourcing of IT functions such as call centres in  India Airport expansion THREATSFlag carriers imitate low-cost business model offering ‘cheaper flights to people booking well in advance’BA, as well as other airlines has redesigned its website to make online booking easier New EU legislation travel compensation laws Air passenger duty to rise  £5- £15 on economy tickets Some customers prefer to book through a travel agent The development of rail network within the EU Video conferencing may take an increasing share of the business clientele Threat of terrorism e.g. bombings in  Madrid Lack of take-off and landing slots Conclusion Since  deregulation arrived, budget carriers such as Easy Jet and Ryan air have grown to account for around a fifth of European air travel, thriving after the events of September 11th; their market share has grown rapidly.   Observers of the European airline industry have long believed that the flag-carrier system has created  too many airlines  and led to inefficient excess capacity. The suggested remedy is consolidation of the European industry via cross-border mergers, an avenue that is now open as a result of EU deregulation. The first major  consolidation  event is currently with the proposed Air  France-KLM merger recently approved by EU regulators. It is likely too that the  low-cost sector will experience consolidation  leaving Easy Jet and Ryan air as the two main players.   While the big airlines consolidate, trying to win more premium business traffic, the cheap fares airlines will fight ruthlessly for leisure traffic.   British Airways has already withdrawn from European routes where it makes a loss. In the longer term, airlines are looking to join forces in the context of the prospects of the liberalization of air traffic between the  United Statesand  Europe, which is expected to lead to  fierce competition  on both sides of the  Atlantic. Two things matter to airlines the amount of  empty seats  on their planes and the cost of getting those planes into the air.  Ã‚  Reducing those two factors leads to profits, and in recent years, the European industry has been struggling. The fear of  terrorism and disruption  in the worlds aviation system has simply made things much worse.   And looking to the future of European aviation, it seems that the issues associated with the  environment  will be addressed severely, possibly leading to taxation on the one thing supporting airline growth; Kerosene.  Ã‚  Furthermore, the matter of over-capacity, which has lead to a  lack of taking-off and landing slots, could hinder  further growth and drive up prices for the low-cost airlines. While the full-service carriers are  struggling to get back to the traffic levels  they enjoyed in 2000, the budget airlines are growing by more than 10 per cent a year.   The  expansion of the EU provided vast opportunities for the low-cost sector but for the budget airline industry to thrive;  low-cost really does have to mean low-cost. References and Bibliography Lectures notes – week 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6. Graham, A. (2009) 3RD edition Managing airports: an international perspective Definitions of deregulation  from  free-definition.com/Deregulation.html Wensveen, J. and Leick, R. (2009) the long-haul low-cost carrier: A unique business model, Journal of Air Transport Management Volume 15, Issue 3, Hanlon, J.P. (2007) 3RD edition Global Airline: competition in transnational industry Morrison, S. and Winston, C (1986).  The Economic Effects of Airline Deregulation Belobaba, P. (2003)  Ã‚  The Airline Industry and Current Challenges. British Airways. (2003). Can be obtained at; britishairways.co.uk Burghouwt, G. and Huys, M. (2003).  Deregulation and the Consequences for Airport Planning ORL website:  orl.arch.ethz.ch/dis.PDF Christianto,  I.  (2003).  Airlines earn their wings in increasingly crowded skies Easy-jet. Company website. Accessed May 10, 2004 from  easyjet.com Easy-Jet. (2003).  How We Offer Such Low Fares. Can be obtained at;  easyjet.com/EN/about/aboutourfares.html Ryan air..  Progress Report. Can be obtained at; ryanair.co.uk guardian.co.uk timesonline.co.uk Two  UK  low-cost air lines open up new direct links between North-East England and  Geneva.   Geneva  News

An Analysis Of The Fast Food Industry

An Analysis Of The Fast Food Industry Fast food is a food that prepared and served quickly at a fast food restaurant or a shop. It is served usually in a carton or bags in order to minimize cost. Most fast food outlets often provide take away or take out foods in addition to sit down services. Fast food is quite popular product now days. With the development of economic and society, the fast food Menu which was used to be quite limited became variable. Moreover, it’s difficult to provide a qualitative distinction because fast foods have a really big range. The best way to distinguish fast foods is to use formal characteristics: Time required – those who eat fast foods do not want to spend a lot of time on selecting and eating, and if necessary will eat standing or walking, on the bus, park bench, or at work. Actually, although it is familiar to everyone’s life because we were purchasing, few people has focus on the operation module, marketing competition and influence of fast food industry. 1.2 Why I chose this topic ¼Ã… ¸ Fast food is a multi billion industry continuing to grow rapidly in these years. As a result, the competition between the industries was farce now. Fast food is often highly processed and prepared in an industrial fashion. With standard ingredient, methodical cooking and production methods, the competition of fast food was though service, taste, promotion and supply chain. Fast food was found at America firstly. Moreover it has big influence in American society and culture. The notion of fast food reflect American culture of in which the speed and efficiency are highly priced. Moreover, these years, American fast food is facing new challenges both from economic and society. Fast food, in many ways, is the story of contemporary America .Therefore; this report would focus on American market of fast food industry. 2. PEST Pest analysis is a method to describes a structure of macro-environment factors of a business by examining related political ,economic, soc ial and technological .it is kind of market research which give some important elements that the company have to take into consideration when making strategic decisions. 2.1 Background There are three general categories of fast food businesses: 1,Self-service restaurants with a fast-food palette like McDonalds, Burger King, Pizza Hut, etc. this kind of food was favorable is because it provide a place for customers meeting friends. 2, Take-out restaurants which sell ready-to-eat foods and beverages which were favorable by working people are also popular. 3, Hot-dog stands and snack stands with counters or a pair of stand-up tables. The big advantage of these kind restaurants is convenient and cheap. The concept of fast food pops up during 1920s.In 1921, White castle was found in Kansas of America. At that time ,most people consider the burger sold there was not as good and cheap ,so White Castles’s decided to change the public perception of hamburgers and built their restauran ts for show customers how the food being prepared.The McDonald brothers opened their redesigned restaurant in 1948. After that, fast food developed quickly during the economy and society rapidly changing period. (Warsi&Nisa, 2005)

There's Increase Recognition that Conference Tourism Has a Significant Essay

There's Increase Recognition that Conference Tourism Has a Significant Impact on Climate Change and the Wider Environment - Essay Example The specific role of business is examined in this paper. Emphasis is used on the potential use of a specific business activity, the conference venues, for the promotion of sustainability and the increase of awareness of critical environmental problems. At this point, another issue appears: tourism is not just an activity for entertainment; it can become a means for promoting various social and environmental messages. The review of the existing literature on the specific field revealed the following facts: corporate social responsible is the framework through which businesses intervene in environmental problems and promote relevant solutions. Moreover, it has been made clear that tourism is a social activity with many different dimensions; its use for supporting sustainability and the respect for the environment can be an effective solution for controlling the effects of human activities on the environment. In fact, conference tourism can have a key role in the increase of awareness o f environmental issues by promoting corporate social responsibility and greening practices, as analyzed below. 2. ... 2006, p.257). In the above study emphasis is given on CSR of the conference industry; it is noted that the firms operating in the above industry have started to refer to their CSR in order to prove their credentials. It is explained though that the firms operating in the particular industry should paid more attention at CSR, meaning that they would need to develop schemes through which their CSR principles could be made clearer to the public. At the next level, explanations should be given regarding the forms of the involvement of CSR in the protection of the natural environment. Through the years, alterations have been made on corporate social responsibility framework, in order to become more effective for achieving its targets. An indicative example is the establishment of the corporate citizenship concept (McIntosh 2001). The above concept was believed as an appropriate framework for replacing the corporate social responsibility framework; such initiatives were developed in 1990s. However, it was made clear that the corporate citizenship concept could serve only specific organizational needs – addressing the communication problems between the business and the community (McIntosh 2001). The corporate social responsibility framework has remained the key vehicle for promoting sustainability through business operations. In fact, the protection of the environment, mainly through the promotion of sustainability has become a key obligation of modern businesses. The above fact is highlighted in the study of Idowu et al. (2010) where the relationship between the business operations and sustainability is explained as follows: business strategies are

Essentials of Sports Law Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Essentials of Sports Law - Essay Example While at a pre-draft meeting, bob sugar signs a written contract with Frank Cushman and SMI. This automatically means Maguire no longer represents frank Cushman who is then drafted overall the next day. Element2: matt Cushman makes a contract by word of mouth accepting Maguire as his sons (Frank Cushman) agent. This makes both frank and bob aware of Maguire’s contract with franks father but is still the contract is not legal. Element 3: bob sugar makes a written contract with Frank Cushman and signs with SMI just like Maguire’s previous clients who bob talked to have them drop Maguire and sign with SMI. This contract is legally binding but with prior knowledge of Maguire’s unbinding contract with franks, dad makes it intentional interference of contract by bob. In this case, Maguire case will prevail in court for intentional interference in the contract but not for breach of contract. This is because first of all, Frank Cushman did not make any legally binding contract with Maguire directly, his dad did. However, even franks dad contract with Maguire does not hold since there was no written and signed the contract of bobs contract with Frank. Conversely, the box will be charged with intentional interference of contract because he knew that Maguire had kept frank as his agent. Tyson Walker, an NFL player for the Ravens is arrested by the police and charged with solicitation for sex. He was also previously charged with criminal assault after hotels camera caught him shoving Teresa, a woman he just met at a Las Vegas hotel while he was out gambling with his friend and teammate Eric Adams. Tyson shoved Teresa out of his room after she demanded $5000 dollars for his sexual acts which he refuses to pay and the police are involved. The issue here is supposed the NFL and Ravens decide to punish Mr. Tyson by suspending him in two games and six games respectively, is there a breach of contract and does the collective bargaining agreement of NFLPA breached (Wong, 400)?

Black world study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black world study - Essay Example o heard of inspirational stories of the Black American leaders when they were facing oppression and this got me interested in studies to do with the Black World Studies. The achievements of the Black Americans were inspirational especially the story of Martin Luther King Jr and it encouraged me to undertake the Black World Studies. On the other hand, the trends in the society seem to be changing in favour of equality due to the achievements made by the Black American leaders. This made it relevant for me to study the Black world Studies in order to obtain more information about different events that took place and changed the lives of the Black Americans. I knew that I was in the right place as soon as I attended my first lesson. I felt that it was all I ever wanted to learn. I found some friends with the same interest as mine almost immediately. I did some independent research on the prospects of having a good job after the completed my studies and I found the career to be promising. Although I received some discouragement from one or two people, I decided to follow my heart and joined the university to pursue the study. I am always good at memorizing issues and I thought that this would be useful to me while pursing my studies in the Black World studies. This is because I found that the study contains a lot of theoretical information. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the studies require a lot of understanding of the issues of religion and social problems in the society. I am a religious person and the studies will also be beneficial to me on a personal level as I will gain more knowledge on the religious issues. Thi8s is considering the studies also have some aspects of religion. I felt that it will be worth spending my time and resources in future dealing with the issues of the Black World Studies. Therefore, the studies will enable me to obtain accurate information about the Black World as diverse opinion exists. My Religious leader

The Budgeting Committee of Hardhat Limited Research Paper

The Budgeting Committee of Hardhat Limited - Research Paper Example Performing profitability analysis requires an understanding of selling prices and the behavior of activity cost drivers. (Activity cost driver is often referred to as cost driver when the context is clear that we are discussing activity, rather than structural or organizational, cost drivers.) Profitability analysis is widely used in the economic evaluation of existing or proposed products or services. Typically, it is performed before decisions are finalized in the operating budget for a future period. This report shows the analysis done to find out the changes in the profit when the costs increase and how much of sales is requires to achieve the targeted profits and also the selling price that is required to achieve the targeted profit. For the CVP analysis it is assumed that the total costs can be segregated into fixed and variable costs, the fixed cost remains constant during the relevant period, variable cost per unit remains constant during the period of consideration and the selling price will also be constant irrespective of the volume sold during the year 2007/ 2008. It is also assumed that the production and sales volume will remain constant. With these assumptions as the background, the calculation of the effect of profit is calculated when there is the change in selling price, sales volume and cost of resources are made and submitted.   Ã‚  It is mentioned that the expected sales, variable costs an fixed costs will change in the year of 2007/ 2008. The reason for the increase in fixed cost is the increase in the selling expenses due to expected increase in sales volume and the increase in administration costs are due to an expected increase in salaries. Hence, we have to find out, the relative sales volume to earn the target profits and the new selling price when the sales volume increases by 10% and 20%. These analyses help to understand the triangular relationship between the costs, the volume of sales and profits. Understanding of this relationship helps to make managerial decisions and to devise marketing strategies. From the information provided the variable cost and the fixed costs are segregated to calculate the contribution. Contribution per unit is the difference between the selling price and the variable cost per unit. The contribution is not profit. Contribution means the amount that is obtained by the sale of each unit towards a recovery of the fixed costs.

Social progress Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social progress - Assignment Example Green (2014), explains the relationship between social progress and GDP of a country. The social progress status of a country, according to Green (2014), is independent of its GDP level. In most countries, however, a high social progress status is dependent on high GDP. When a country’s levels of income rises, social progress that emerges from economic development end up getting exhausted (Porter & Stern, 2014). Several social and environmental challenges result from a country’s economic growth. Fast-growing economies that disregard social progress concerns show success and improved GDP. A high social progress status, therefore, does not necessarily mean improvement in GDP. For instance, nations such as Chad show low social progress index but have comparatively high GDP. It is justified that social improvements result from many myopic reforms that cause the GDP-Social Progress cohesion (Grzesiak et al., 2014). The cohesion ensures that a rise in GDP influences positive changes in social progress index of a particular economy. Deloitte imperative is a strategy that focuses on addresses fundamental economic issues such as incorporating social progress in economic growth (Talbot, 2014). It emphasizes the need for governments to visualize beyond the boundaries of micro-economic levels in supporting social progress. Social progress is imperative in evaluating business because it relates to the per capita income. Business success in a region depends on consumers’ purchasing power. Social progress, therefore, is a vital component to consider when evaluating a business. Social entrepreneurial behavior is fundamental to driving social progress in any economy (Skoll & Osberg, 2013). It is important because social entrepreneurs get motivated through opportunities they identify and vision they pursue. Green, M. (November 11, 2014) What the Social Progress Index can reveal about your country. TED Talk.

Black world study Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Black world study - Essay Example o heard of inspirational stories of the Black American leaders when they were facing oppression and this got me interested in studies to do with the Black World Studies. The achievements of the Black Americans were inspirational especially the story of Martin Luther King Jr and it encouraged me to undertake the Black World Studies. On the other hand, the trends in the society seem to be changing in favour of equality due to the achievements made by the Black American leaders. This made it relevant for me to study the Black world Studies in order to obtain more information about different events that took place and changed the lives of the Black Americans. I knew that I was in the right place as soon as I attended my first lesson. I felt that it was all I ever wanted to learn. I found some friends with the same interest as mine almost immediately. I did some independent research on the prospects of having a good job after the completed my studies and I found the career to be promising. Although I received some discouragement from one or two people, I decided to follow my heart and joined the university to pursue the study. I am always good at memorizing issues and I thought that this would be useful to me while pursing my studies in the Black World studies. This is because I found that the study contains a lot of theoretical information. On the other hand, it is also important to note that the studies require a lot of understanding of the issues of religion and social problems in the society. I am a religious person and the studies will also be beneficial to me on a personal level as I will gain more knowledge on the religious issues. Thi8s is considering the studies also have some aspects of religion. I felt that it will be worth spending my time and resources in future dealing with the issues of the Black World Studies. Therefore, the studies will enable me to obtain accurate information about the Black World as diverse opinion exists. My Religious leader

Social progress Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 250 words

Social progress - Assignment Example Green (2014), explains the relationship between social progress and GDP of a country. The social progress status of a country, according to Green (2014), is independent of its GDP level. In most countries, however, a high social progress status is dependent on high GDP. When a country’s levels of income rises, social progress that emerges from economic development end up getting exhausted (Porter & Stern, 2014). Several social and environmental challenges result from a country’s economic growth. Fast-growing economies that disregard social progress concerns show success and improved GDP. A high social progress status, therefore, does not necessarily mean improvement in GDP. For instance, nations such as Chad show low social progress index but have comparatively high GDP. It is justified that social improvements result from many myopic reforms that cause the GDP-Social Progress cohesion (Grzesiak et al., 2014). The cohesion ensures that a rise in GDP influences positive changes in social progress index of a particular economy. Deloitte imperative is a strategy that focuses on addresses fundamental economic issues such as incorporating social progress in economic growth (Talbot, 2014). It emphasizes the need for governments to visualize beyond the boundaries of micro-economic levels in supporting social progress. Social progress is imperative in evaluating business because it relates to the per capita income. Business success in a region depends on consumers’ purchasing power. Social progress, therefore, is a vital component to consider when evaluating a business. Social entrepreneurial behavior is fundamental to driving social progress in any economy (Skoll & Osberg, 2013). It is important because social entrepreneurs get motivated through opportunities they identify and vision they pursue. Green, M. (November 11, 2014) What the Social Progress Index can reveal about your country. TED Talk.

Human History of the Grand Teton Essay Example for Free

Human History of the Grand Teton Essay Human history of the Grand Teton region dates back at least 11,000 years, when the first nomadic hunter-gatherer Paleo-Indians would migrate into the region during warmer months in pursuit of food and supplies. In the early 19th-century, the first Caucasian explorers encountered the eastern Shoshone natives. Between 1810 and 1840, the region attracted fur trading companies that vied for control of the lucrative beaver fur trade. U.S. Government expeditions to the region commenced in the mid 19th-century as an offshoot of exploration in Yellowstone, and the first permanent white settlers in Jackson Hole arrived in the 1880s. Efforts to preserve the region as a national park commenced in the late 19th-century and in 1929, Grand Teton National Park was established, protecting the major peaks of the Teton Range. The valley of Jackson Hole remained in private ownership until the 1930s, when conservationists led by John D. Rockefeller, Jr. began purchasing land in Jackson Hole to be added to the existing national park. Against public opinion and with repeated congressional efforts to repeal the measures, much of Jackson Hole was set aside for protection as Jackson Hole National Monument in 1943. The monument was abolished in 1950 and most of the monument land was added to Grand Teton National Park Grand Teton National Park is named for Grand Teton, the tallest mountain in the Teton Range. The naming of the mountains is attributed to early 19th-century French speaking trappers—les trois tetons (the three teats) was later anglicized and shortened to Tetons. At 13,775 feet (4,199 m), Grand Teton abruptly rises more than 7,000 feet (2,100 m) above Jackson Hole, almost 850 feet (260 m) higher than Mount Owen, the second highest summit in the range. The park has numerous lakes, including 15-mile (24 km) long Jackson Lake as well as streams of varying length and the upper main stem of the Snake River. Though in a state of recession, a dozen small glaciers persist at the higher elevations near the highest peaks in the range. Some of the rocks in the park are the oldest found in any U.S. National Park and have been dated at nearly 2.7 billion years.

What humans need to survive

What humans need to survive While doing research for this paper I learned a lot about myself that you will not necessarily know about. For this assignment I had to dig deeper to fine answers and be able to give feedback on my findings. I discovered what the world depends on and how the hierarchy of needs are evident in our everyday lives. This project clearly explains my opinions on the human needs and wellbeing of the world and myself. Many questions are asked and answered from many perspectives, including my own. In this project, it explains mostly about the needs of people and how designers have influenced these needs to meet the needs of humans. I researched the shopping trolley and interesting facts about the shopping trolley and how it is a metaphor for my life and myself. I mention the world and myself on how we as humans have a status that we have to maintain, and a style and taste that comes with it. INTRODUCTION: In this research paper I will discuss what humans in this world need in order to survive. As a designer I will look at how the designers hierarchy of needs satisfies problems we as humans face on a daily basis. We as designers need to be able tackle a problem and find a rational solution. I will also discuss how we as designers meet the needs of humans across the globe, as well as the history of the trolley. In our everyday life, humans all have a very different personal perception about certain things, for example taste and style and status. All humans have different opinions on these topics and throughout my research paper I will explore all these opinions as well as my own. I will also discuss my perception of this project and how it has opened my mind to different things as well as learn certain things about myself I did not know. Aim: To consider other people, their needs and wellbeing, understanding the role of designers in relation to needs and the world, understanding the effects of psychology branding and media manipulation in design and to explore the phenomena of taste and status in the world. Scope: à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What do we need to survive? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Are designers meeting these needs? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What is the effect of design on human needs? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ How did the shopping trolley come into existence? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Who designed it? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why does the trolley look the way it does? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What else is the trolley used for, other human needs? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Is taste a personal perception? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What constitute style? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ Why do people crave status? à ¢Ã¢â€š ¬Ã‚ ¢ What is your perception/view about the above questions/ discovery? What do we need to survive? From looking at Maslows ideas as well as many of my own I have come to a conclusion of what I need in my everyday li8fe in order to survive. These are the things that I need for my survival on every level of the Maslow pyramid in both the needs of a person and a designers needs. Breathing, food, water, sleep, homeostasis, excretion, internet, coffee, cigarettes, money, petrol, shelter, electricity, car, TV, inspiration, phone, friends, family, safety of employment, resources, morality, health, property, no crime, insurance, love, knowing myself, caring for other people, being a good person, self-esteem, self-confidence, a sense of achievement, self-respect, creativity, spontaneity, problem solving, lack of prejudice, acceptance of facts and happiness and individuality. Are designers meeting these needs? Designers have a role in society to make things usable, colourful, attractive to the naked eye, to create value, beauty, new possibilities, empower people to do more and be better. I believe that designers do meet these needs. That is one of the many reasons that marketing and advertising is so influential and why people give into advertisements so easily. Designers make things look enticing and very appealing. Using neuromarketing and propaganda designers get hold of the viewers senses making the product irresistible and a must have in the viewers eyes. Designers do indeed meet these needs as we are always satisfied with our needs and the presentation of these needs. What is the effect of design on human needs? The effect of design on human needs, makes life for human a lot easier by creating different product that can help those certain needs; this can help people with achieving and bettering their needs. This allows people to understand and help others meet their own needs and design effect human needs drastically because it creates opportunities for people and helps them understand that they needs can be meet but they need to be willing to achieve they needs in many ways. For example designers play with our senses, our insecurities and our minds. An alarm system is only pleasing because it plays on our insecurities as South Africans that there is crime and this might stop it from affecting us. Many products are generally picked by the most exciting packaging and the most popular branding, like clothing and many other products we buy on a regular basis without really giving it any thought at all. Even food is judged for its quality by its name brand and its packaging. How did the shopping trolley come into existence? The shopping trolley is a cart supplied by a shop, usually a super market such as Pick n Pay or Checkers, for customers to put the items they wish to purchase in. this helps them to not have to juggle all their items in their hands. The first shopping trolley was introduced in June 1937 by Sylvan Goldman who was an owner of the Piggly Wiggly supermarket chain in Oklahoma City. Goldman saw the need for a way for his customers to move around more groceries which lead to him developing the idea of the trolley. Since Goldmans first idea of the shopping cart others have progressed it to better suit society. Goldmans first idea of how the shopping trolley should look was a wooden folding chair, a basket on the seat and wheels on the legs. Goldman and one of his employees, Fred Young, began to better the invention which lead to a metal frame that held two wire baskets. Others have tried to better Goldmans invention however have not succeeded. Goldman became a multimillionaire with this idea and continued to modify it such as making it bigger and better. (Unknown Author, 24 April 2007) Who designed it? In 1936 a man by the name of Sylvan Goldman designed the trolley with help from a friend of his, named Fred Young, he was a mechanic, there was another shopping trolley invention at that time and it was invented by. (Unknown Author, 24 April 2007) Why does it look the way it does? Most trollies in society today are made of metal or a combination of metals and plastic.(Unknown Author, 24 April 2007) They also come in many shapes and sizes. Designers have made modifications over the years to suit a variety of different customers. For example some shopping carts have been designed to carry a child. You also now get electric mobility scooters with baskets designed for the elderly or disabled. Due to the fact that children have been injured while in a shopping trolley some have been made with seats that resemble those of a car seat that a child can be strapped into. This enlarges the usage as it can carry your child and your groceries, leaving your arms free to shop. A trolley usually has for wheels and typically the two in front are swivel wheels in order to make pushing the trolley around easier. This helps to turn the trolley in the direction of your choice. What else is the trolley used for, other human needs? The trolley is used in the physiological need and people need food and the collection of food is done in a trolley, people use them to carry items for example a hobo, uses it to carry all of his personal belongings for his that trolley fulfils a basic need. Trollies are used for recreational uses, as a racing car, a trolley is changed into a car that can be pushed down hills, for some people that fulfils a basic need of exercise and entertainment Is taste a personal perception? Taste can be seen in two completely different ways. Taste is when you taste food but taste is also your personal taste in anything physical. Fashion is a good example of someones taste. I believe taste is a personal perception because everyone sees things differently and thinks different looks and styles are attractive and exciting. What constitutes style? Style is someones own personal funk and style mixed with their personality. It is the look and feel of a person and how they act and react to different situations. Why do people crave status? All people in the world wish or believe to be better than the person next to them, so we as human beings all crave status in some way or form. There are many types of status which are: luxury good we all think we need better cars, or the most expensive brand or the most expensive watch or anything that is top class luxury, we are falling into the trap of the status seeker. When you feel better than everyone else- depends on where you come from, people that believe they are tough and give off that whole style that is a status. There are many was that can be defined as a status these are the most that people feel, the way they feel and the way they act determined they status. What are my perceptions on the above questions? While answering these questions, I realised that many people have many different perceptions, I also realized that people disregard individuality, but it is individuality that drives design and creation of new ideas. Although we all have some needs in common which can be regarded as basic needs for humans. We also have other needs which may be very important to one person and not very important to another. My discoveries: I discovered many things on my journey through this assignment. Every person has their own views and personality which creates individuality. This makes them the person they are and we must respect each others differences because although we have the same basic needs these are still interchangeable from person to person. Each person is completely different to the next as a result of many factors including nature and nurture. Furthermore, designers are very influential in the world we live in today and help to make our needs more appealing and they help to create some new needs for us as well. Designers do their job outstandingly. I also learned to think outside the box which is very necessary as a designer to open up creativity. Indeed, it can be seen that I am much like a trolley in the way that trolleys have changed their look and even their shape over time much like I have grown and changed as years of my life have passed since my birth. I will continue to change and expand my knowledge and possibilities much like the trolley has and will continue to do. I am who I am because of many factors including nature and nurture and these factors will continue to mould me for the rest of my life. I will move around and help people carry their burdens and I will continue to try and help people in the best way that I can. Conclusion In conclusion to this project I have found out that many people have excluded Maslows hierarchy of needs and have rather switched from the basic needs to the more material objects. Designers have made it possible for us to use our needs to the best of our advantage and use them to help us, for example they have design a transport system, this allows us to get financial stability and they have created stable houses which allowed us to live in good houses and have shelter.

Persian Gulf Crisis :: essays research papers

Persian Gulf Crisis Persian Gulf Crisis, 1990-1991: How Saddam Hussein's Greed and Totalitarian Quest for Power Led to the Invasion of Kuwait, World Conflicts and the Degredation of Iraq Joseph Stalin. Fidel Castro. Adolf Hitler. Saddam Hussein. These names are all those of leaders who have used a totalitarian approach to leading a nation. Stalin and Hitler ruled in the early to mid-nineteen hundreds. Like Fidel Castro, Saddam Hussein is now. Saddam Hussein belongs to the Baath Party of Iraq. This party adopts many techniques similar to those used by Stalin and Hitler. Saddam Hussein conceived a plan to invade Kuwait. It was, perhaps, one of the worst mistakes he could have made for his own reputation and for his country. The invasion of Kuwait as well as the world's response to it, the environmental disaster it caused, and the degradation of Iraq were completely the fault one man and his government: Saddam Hussein and his Baath Government. One of Hussein's weaknesses is negotiating. Negotiating in his terms is to fight it out with as much carnage as possible until his side comes out "victoriously". Repeatedly, Saddam and his government break international convention laws. During his war fought with Iran, the Iraqi army used chemical weapons on the Iranian troops and even on their own Iraqi population. This was seemingly overlooked by the rest of the world because most nations didn't want to see the Ayatollah's Islamic revolution rise. Iraq often obtained foreign arms support from other nations because of this. It wasn't until the invasion of Kuwait that the rest of the world seemed to realize the danger that Iraq posed to its own people and to the Arab states surrounding it. Through poor planning, Saddam Hussein made three major mistakes that enabled an easy defeat of the Iraqis. The first mistake was that he captured all of Kuwait at the same time, instead of leaving it as a border dispute. This might have kept it from becoming an international affair. The second error was that Hussein positioned his troops too close to the Saudi Arabian border. Because of this, other nations feared that Saddam's aggression was endless. The third mistake was that Hussein miscalculated the world's response. He overestimated the Arab "brotherhood" and by doing so, didn't realize that the rest of the world would try to stop him. He also overestimated his own country's military power, and believed that he could annihilate military superpowers like the United States, Britain and France. Saddam Hussein's ultimate dream was to possess a nuclear bomb. Most of the world believed that Iraq didn't have the resources and materials to

Ecstasy Abuse :: essays research papers fc

Ecstasy Abuse For many people the drug of choice would be marijuana, but in recent years that trend has been changing. The drug of choice for today’s young adults is MDMA or ecstasy. Unlike marijuana which has long term affects, ecstasy can kill a person with one hit. It is a very dangerous drug, and is spreading like wildfire in the United States. Most teenagers take the drug without knowing the side affects such as depression and brain damage (theantidrug.com). With more people trying the drug everyday, it is becoming harder for law enforcement to keep up with them. Law enforcement, parents and kids need to do something about this rising drug problem before it is too late. There are numerous solutions that can curb the use of this drug, and other solutions that can put the drug to good use.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ecstasy first became popular in European countries such as Belgium and the Netherlands. A large portion of the ecstasy that is sold in the U.S. comes from these two countries (www.dea.gov). Although efforts have been made to stop the flow of this drug to America, large amounts are still coming into the U.S. America needs to take stronger measures to stop this epidemic sweeping our nation. A measure that can be taken to stop this drug from spreading would be to form an international organization that would fight to keep ecstasy and other drugs off the streets. America would have to work together with countries such as Canada and Mexico. International control of this drug would benefit greatly, but local law enforcement could help stop this drug as well. The police can take part by educating kids about the harmful affects of ecstasy and how kids can say no to drugs. These measures and others can help America curb this drug in the years to come. But preventing the us e of this drug doesn’t stop at the law enforcement level, parents and kids can take part in stopping the use of this drug. According to the DARE program, the best way to keep kids from doing drugs is to monitor them (dare.com). Monitoring kids can allow parents to assure the safety of their child. Parents also have to know who their child’s friends are and what their plans are. If a child says they are going to a rave, there is a high possibility that they will try or will be offered ecstasy.

Curious Incident of the Dog in the Nighttime Early Reflections

What I’ve written below are the sorts of things you could think up as you develop your own reflective reading journal based on your own â€Å"interpretations† or â€Å"reading† of the text and issues that arise in class discussion. Themes that underly â€Å"The Curious Incident Of The Dog In The Night Time† 1) a study of an adolescent boy isolated from normal inclusion in society because of Asperger’s Syndrome 2) A mystery about the slaying/murder/slaughter of a dog 3) A study of a broken family – betrayed trust ) The curse of limited means – working class status or struggling financially and the pressures that brings A study of: †¢ Relationships †¢ Pressures of life †¢ Society’s attitude to those who are â€Å"different† or clearly intellectually handicapped †¢ How things taken for granted by conventional or â€Å"rank-and-file† society are confronting for those marginalised groups without reli able social support networks or with limited trust networks What are the ramifications of the novel – what moral lessons does it provide – about how we should could consider the disabled more sensitively?It also examines the importance of roles of authority (eg police, teachers, parents) for people who rely heavily on clear parameters of hierarchy and role expectations for them to maintain a sense of security and the fulfilment of expectations. Whereas we can most frequently â€Å"read† people’s emotions from the tone of their voice and visual cues (ie facial expressions, body stance, arm gestures), someone like Christopher Boone is not afforded that luxury Consequently, he is confronted with difficulties associated with taking words upon a â€Å"too literal meaning†.Furthermore, his understanding of what is normal and his interpretation of reality is different from that of other people. He lives in a virtual â€Å"emotional cocoon† like Rai n Man †¦. Christopher Boone is a reliable narrator in-so-far as he is meticulous in his recollections of detail and specific events. None of his recollections are tainted by his own vested interests or prejudices. However, his account is noticeably naive because he is completely oblivious to the shenanigans that have occurred in his street and involving his parents.He has no understanding of the tension that existed in his parents’ marriage. Furthermore, although he can recall various tantrums and spats, he is unable to make any subsequent links between those and empathy (understanding the way other people feel) with the stress they felt nor an demonstrate an awareness of the way in which his specifically taxing condition contributed to their circumstances. That is not to say, however, that Christopher Boone is totally to blame.There are the aspects of his parents’ character, their social status and their lack of affluence which leaves them short of the necessary acumen nor understanding of welfare that may have been available to help them through their trying circumstances. Therefore, the account provided us, although factually correct, leaves ample scope for us to read between the lines and to form our own interpretations about the character of those other people including Siobhan, Mrs Anderson, the policemen, Mr & Mrs Sheers, and Christopher’s parents. Haddon leaves these textual gaps for us to fill admirably.

Automobile Repair and Mechanics Essay

Automobile repair is not only an interesting field to me, also I feel automobile maintenance is necessary knowledge to have in today’s auto market. Like studying for school or learning the skills of a job; I feel knowing how to repair a vehicle will produce a cost effective lifestyle, and take out all the hassle anyone who owns a vehicle encounters everyday. How many Americans can change their own oil that don’t work as mechanics, or what is the average repair bill for a same day repair are questions that bring concern to how becoming my own handyman makes a productive choice. I decided to explore the topic a little more to get a better understanding of the requirements to become an auto mechanic, for I have decided to become certified in Automotive Technology. According to the Bureau of Labor Statistics(definition)- â€Å"an auto mechanic is a technician that inspects, maintains and repairs automobiles and light trucks that run on gasoline, electricity or other alternative fuels; like ethanol†. Auto mechanics play a very important role in maintaining and keeping vehicles running efficiently. The field of auto mechanics reveals a long history, specialized schooling and strong career objectives for anyone that would like to choose this field as a career. There are certain requirements to become an auto mechanic, and a student can get the basics of automobile repair by taking a vocational class in high school. The course is not really considered training, but the class gives a basic knowledge of what mechanics do. To be considered a qualified auto mechanic; completing training at a post- secondary school like Pinellas Technical Education Centers or at a community college are the best choices, but the college aspect is not as much hands on as the secondary school. â€Å"PTEC consists of 2 years of intense training†(brochure), and the community college usually offers an associate degree for this field that also takes 2 years to complete the coursework. With these types of training, getting the most up to date training needed is essential; like using computer systems to detect problems with cars. Another form of training involves working as an apprentice to a master technician so questions are answered from experience . When all the formal training is completed a mechanic is considered certified when receiving a ASE Certification. This stands for Automobile Service Excellence Certification. The Bureau of Labor statistics suggests that individuals who live in large cities should get certified to help them with their search for jobs. An auto mechanics basic job function is performed in some type of repair shop, and working 40 plus hours a work is expected with such high volume of vehicles to work on. Sometimes work can continue into the weekend, along with performing work on the side to help earn some extra money. The working environment for the job involves identifying and fixing problems that deal with the car in a repair shop. Most of the time repairs are done indoors in a large, open garage like facility, including mechanics to get dirty due to all the grease repairs performed daily. These functions are real important that this does not bother someone who might want to do this as a job, for some of the grease and dirt is almost impossible to get completely rid of. Many shops have now included electrical technology as part of their services due to the fact that most cars have specialized computer systems. â€Å"This new service has increased the mechanics skill level greatly† (resource). â€Å"Many repair shops rely on these computerized systems to help in identifying problems related to the car† (Ly). The term auto mechanic is slowly fading away, and many mechanics are now being labeled as service technicians. The change in the name comes from the fact that working on many different parts of the car, and computer systems that require additional and more advanced training. Auto mechanics make a pretty good living. Starting out as a new auto mechanic the annual income will range between $25,000 – $35,000. The next level mechanic could make $35,000- $45,000. After that the pay can be anywhere from $45,000 up to $100,000, for the higher pay range is for a Master Mechanic. It would be best to try and achieve the highest level of pay to make this job worthwhile. This is not exactly a goal that I am going to set forth for myself to achieve because simply auto work is all I’m interested in. Many Master Mechanics work for luxury car manufacturers like Mercedes, BMW, Jaguar and Porsche. The future for service technicians looks very bright. For the next 3 years the auto mechanics field will see an increase close to 10- 20%. This increase is due to many technicians retiring, and due to an increase in cars being purchased. Dealerships and independent car repair shops will be the main employers of service technicians. The outlook continues to look positive for auto mechanics even though economic downfall is predicted to continue. In conclusion, auto mechanics is a very diverse field that requires complete dedication and skill to help become successful. Mechanics involves a long history, specialized schooling and the desire to achieve. Auto mechanics has evolved into a very complex and sometimes challenging field, and the future job outlook for this field is great and it is a very good choice for anyone interested in pursuing this career.

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Example for Free (#3)

Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 Essay Drama (623) , Romeo and Juliet (446) , Capulet (321) , Lady Capulet (110) , County Paris (19) , Juliet (12) company About StudyMoose Contact Careers Help Center Donate a Paper Legal Terms & Conditions Privacy Policy Complaints Looking closely at the characters and language in Romeo and Juliet, analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5 William Shakespeare wrote â€Å"Romeo and Juliet† in 1954, although the basic plot can be traced back as early as the third century. In the play, Shakespeare relies heavily on the poem â€Å"The Tragicall History of Romeus and Juliet† by Arthur Brooke. Most of the people in the Elizabethan era were perceptive enough to concentrate on how the play was being performed and engaged themselves in the language the characters were using. Shakespeare’s audiences had different expectations towards his play, as many of them recognised the story already, they were settled enough to watch it providing the dramatist’s interpretation proved to be unique and original. I have been looking closely at Act 3, Scene 5 where Romeo and Juliet have just been secretly married. The scene opens with the two lovers having to part quickly after the Nurse informs Juliet her mother is swiftly approaching. Already a dramatic atmosphere is created, the audience is almost waiting for Romeo and Juliet to be caught out, this they know can simply not happen. Juliet is understandably tearful; Romeo is sympathetic towards her, showing he really cares for her: â€Å"I will omit no opportunity That will convey my greetings, love, to thee† All this is in comparison to later scenes in the play showing Juliet solitary and unsupported. Between the two lovers, there is a great difference, Romeo appears more optimistic than Juliet who is full of fear, sensing premonitions of her next seeing Romeo dead in a tomb. Her premonitions affect the audience, making them apprehensive and tense: â€Å"O God, I have an ill- divining soul! Methinks I see thee, now thou art so low As one dead in the bottom of a tomb. † The audience hears these harsh, severe words and are reminded of Romeo’s earlier startling premonition that he would die young: â€Å"†¦. My mind misgives Some consequence not yet hanging in the stars†¦.. By come vile forfeit of untimely death. † A chilling effect is created on those viewing the play as they start to realise and understand the significance of the two premonitions. By looking back into earlier scenes, dramatic effectiveness is created. Juliet uses language that shows how she is fearful of how her life with Romeo could easily be destroyed. She speaks to him strongly, showing a strong contrast to her soft words used previously. The strong bond that has been created between the two lovers before the audience’s eyes is momentarily going to be destroyed; tension is created as an aftermath of this feeling. This tension carries on and becomes hugely greater as the news of County Paris’ proposal is first heard of. The audience watch, already aware of the proposal, as the news is given to an extremely shocked Juliet. They wait anxiously for Juliet’s sake as she learns of it, and so a dramatic effectiveness is cast over them. The scene is made effective by the use of irony from Lady Capulet. As Lady Capulet refers to her â€Å"joyful tidings† and Juliet’s response is ironically a pleased one: â€Å"And joy comes well in such a needy time† But then the audience sees the real reason of Lady Capulet’s announcement and the hesitation of the crucial words proves to be highly dramatic, â€Å"Shall happily make thee there a joyful bride† Juliet’s intense anger would make great drama on stage, she shows her raging reaction well: â€Å"Now by Saint Peter’s church and Peter too He shall not make me there a joyful bride! † Juliet’s response shows exactly how she is feeling about the matter; she does not hold back at all. The audience knows the dilemma she is facing, one of bigamy, they are deeply involved and show much needed sympathy to Juliet. In the conversation that follows the cold and sharp language both Juliet and her mother used are very effective. Both sides address each other very formally, Juliet calling Lady Capulet, â€Å"My Lady†, â€Å"Mother† where Lady Capulet calls Juliet â€Å"girl† and â€Å"child†. This doesn’t seem to be the language one would expect from a close knit and loving family. This could lead to the conclusion that Juliet’s relationship is far from the relationship she has with Romeo; a loving and stable one. When Lord Capulet enters Juliet’s room, it proves to be a significantly dramatic scene because of the violence and fury portrayed by Lord Capulet. He arrives in her room in a threatening manner; his wife shows fear warning us to expect the worst, â€Å"Here comes your father. Tell him so yourself And see how he will take it at your hands. † Lord Capulet does not expect Juliet to disobey him, he would simply expect grateful thanks and obedience from his daughter. He portrays himself as someone who is used to getting his own way and the way that he regards himself as royalty emphasises to his huge ego and elevated formal language,†Have you delivered to our decree? † He shows great enthusiasm as he enters Juliet’s room, he seems delighted with his plan and congratulates himself on stage. Being the only man on stage, he is showing domination and the audience can see that he likes to be in control. He makes the women afraid; his centre role on stage shows this. The language that he uses is indeed very dramatic and effective. He poses questions to Juliet, being sharp and short when he does so showing how bewildered he is, and he vociferously attacks his daughter overwhelming her with numerous with numerous questions which she does not have time to answer, â€Å"How? Will she none? Doth she not give us thanks? † Capulet’s sentence construction is cleverly disjointed emphasising greatly on his anger that is building up rapidly. He shows more of an interest in finding a way to answer Juliet’s questions and his concern is more about his cleverness than the distress of his only daughter. He uses aggressive terms to Juliet, † you greensickness carrion†, † young baggage†, both examples are very aggressive and devegiating. Analyse the dramatic effectiveness in Act 3, Scene 5. (2017, Aug 29). We have essays on the following topics that may be of interest to you

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy Essay

Cognitive Behavioral Therapy and Interpersonal Psychotherapy - Essay Example This essay discusses two leading nursing theories, namely, (1) cognitive behavioral therapy and (2) interpersonal psychotherapy. The first section presents a separate discussion of these two nursing theories. The second section determines the similarities and differences between these two nursing theories in terms of major tenets, concepts, views, techniques, view of pathology/normality, etc. The third section discusses the relevance of these two nursing theories in nursing practice. The fourth section gives recommendations for advanced nursing practice in relation to interpersonal psychotherapy. The last part is the summary and conclusion of the entire paper. Cognitive-Behavioral Therapy Even a quick look at current literature in the discipline of child psychology suggests that the cognitive-behavioral theory has received significant empirical and clinical attention in recent times. Cognitive-behavioral therapy (CBT) has been effectively used in a broad array of medical disorders ex perienced by children, adolescents, and adults, such as learning difficulties, eating disorders, anxiety, and depression. According to Abela and Hankin (2007), cognitive-behavioral therapy is highly recognized for its focus on factors that make individuals vulnerable to emotional and behavioral difficulties, for its emphasis on the importance and function of the social context/environment and family in the growth and continuation of these problems, for its focus on unspoken ideas about the self and how these could affect emotional and behavioral wellbeing, and for its attention to scientific/empirical assessment approaches to psychopathology and the usefulness of treatments or interventions obtained from them. Cognitive therapy is rooted in the idea that behavior is capable of adjusting and that there is a connection between a person’s behaviors, emotions, and thoughts. A primary focus in cognitive-behavioral therapy, especially with adolescents, is on having an accurate know ledge of an individual’s behavioral pattern and the associated perceptual and cognitive components (Abela & Hankin, 2007). Cognitions are defined as â€Å"an organized set of beliefs, attitudes, memories and expectations, along with a set of strategies for using this body of knowledge in an adaptive manner† (Reinecke, Dattilio, & Freeman, 2006, 3). Basically, cognitions denote an individual’s existing ideas or self-awareness, including expectations, values, objectives, attitudes, judgments, memories, and perceptions. It is crucial to take into account each of these factors when trying to understand and treat emotional and behavioral disorders. It is not possible, therefore, to differentiate the cognitive from the social. Cognitive processes are achieved, sustained, and operate in social environments. They are shaped and strengthened by parents, members of the family, and others in the immediate environment of the child, and play an adaptive role in structuring a nd controlling the child’s reactions to traumatic life episodes (Reinecke et al., 2006). This point of view is in agreement with